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Chapter 5: Control Flow in Java Chapter 5: Control Flow in Java Control flow in Java refers to the order in which instructions, statements, and function calls are executed or evaluated. Java provides several mechanisms to control the flow of execution through the program: 🧩 1. Conditional Statements Conditional statements execute different blocks of code based on certain conditions. 🔸 if Statement int number = 10; if (number > 5) { System.out.println("Number is greater than 5"); } 🔸 if-else Statement int number = 4; if (number > 5) { System.out.println("Greater than 5"); } else { System.out.println("Less than or equal to 5"); } 🔸 if-else-if Ladder int score = 85; if (score >= 90) { System.out.println("Grade A"); } else if (score >= 80) { System.out.println("Grade B"); } else { System.out.println("Grade C"); } 🧩 2. sw...

Chapter 9: Exception Handling in Java Chapter 9: Exception Handling in Java In Java, exception handling is a powerful mechanism to handle runtime errors, allowing the normal flow of the program to continue. Without proper exception handling, errors can lead to unexpected termination of the program. 📌 What is an Exception? An exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of a program’s execution. It is an object which is thrown at runtime. Common Exception Types: ArithmeticException – Divide by zero NullPointerException – Accessing object with null reference ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException – Invalid index access NumberFormatException – Invalid number parsing 🧪 Java Exception Hierarchy All exceptions are subclasses of Throwable : Throwable Error Exception RuntimeException 🔧 Java Exception Handling Keyword...

Chapter 12: Multithreading in Java Chapter 12: Multithreading in Java Multithreading is one of Java's powerful features, allowing concurrent execution of two or more parts of a program for maximum utilization of CPU. Each part of such a program is called a thread . 🔄 1. What is a Thread? A thread is a lightweight process. It's a path of execution within a program. Java supports multithreaded programming using built-in Thread class and Runnable interface. 🛠️ 2. Creating Threads in Java Method 1: By extending Thread class class MyThread extends Thread { public void run() { System.out.println("Thread is running..."); } } public class TestThread { public static void main(String args[]) { MyThread t1 = new MyThread(); t1.start(); } } Method 2: By implementing Runnable interface class MyRunnable implements Runnable { public void run() { ...

Chapter 11: Java Collections Framework Chapter 11: Java Collections Framework 🔰 Introduction The Java Collections Framework (JCF) is a set of classes and interfaces that implement commonly reusable collection data structures. It provides algorithms and utilities to manage groups of objects effectively. 🌲 Core Interfaces in Collections Collection: Root interface of the collection hierarchy. List: An ordered collection that allows duplicate elements (e.g., ArrayList, LinkedList). Set: A collection that does not allow duplicate elements (e.g., HashSet, TreeSet). Map: Stores key-value pairs (e.g., HashMap, TreeMap). Queue: Designed for holding elements prior to processing (e.g., LinkedList, PriorityQueue). 🔄 List Interface Ordered, allows duplicate elements. Access by index. List<String> names = new ArrayList<>(); names.add("Alice"); names.add("Bob"); 🧱 Set Interfac...

Chapter 8: Inheritance, Polymorphism & Abstraction in Java Chapter 8: Inheritance, Polymorphism & Abstraction in Java Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming Principles Java is a pure object-oriented programming language, meaning it is based on the principles of modeling real-world entities as objects. Among the four core pillars of OOP—Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Abstraction—this chapter dives deep into three essential concepts: Inheritance Polymorphism Abstraction 1. Inheritance in Java What is Inheritance? Inheritance is the process where one class (child/subclass) acquires the properties and behaviors (methods and variables) of another class (parent/superclass). class Animal { void eat() { System.out.println("This animal eats food."); } } class Dog extends Animal { void bark() { System.out.println("Dog barks."); ...

Chapter 6: Arrays and Strings in Java Chapter 6: Arrays and Strings in Java Welcome to Chapter 6 of our Java Programming Course! In this chapter, we'll explore two of the most fundamental data structures in Java: Arrays and Strings . 🔹 What is an Array in Java? An Array is a collection of elements, all of the same type, stored in contiguous memory locations. It allows you to store multiple values in a single variable. 👉 Declaration and Initialization int[] numbers = new int[5]; // Declaration numbers[0] = 10; numbers[1] = 20; // ... up to index 4 👉 Shortcut Initialization int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; 👉 Accessing Array Elements System.out.println(numbers[2]); // Output: 30 👉 Array Length System.out.println("Length: " + numbers.length); 🔹 Multidimensional Arrays int[][] matrix = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6} }; 🔹 Looping Through Arrays for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) { System.out.println(numbers[i]); ...

Chapter 1: Introduction to Java 1.1 What is Java? Java is a high-level, object-oriented, platform-independent programming language developed by Sun Microsystems (now owned by Oracle). It is used to build web, mobile, desktop, and enterprise applications. It follows the WORA principle — Write Once, Run Anywhere — allowing compiled code to run on any device with the JVM (Java Virtual Machine). 1.2 History of Java Java was created by James Gosling and his team at Sun Microsystems in 1995. Originally named Oak, it was designed for interactive television, but later rebranded as Java and optimized for web applications. 1.3 Features of Java Simple: Easy to learn and use, especially for those familiar with C/C++. Object-Oriented: Promotes modularity, code reuse, and better structure. Platform-Independent: Runs on any OS with JVM. Secure: Uses sandboxing and classloaders to prevent malicious code. Robust: Strong memory management, garbage collect...